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Home / ๐Ÿ—ƒ๏ธ unorganized / Religions / The Hebrew Religion

The Hebrew Religion

The Scriptures

The defining texts of the religion are the Tanakh and the Talmud

  • TaNaKh (The Hebrew Bible / The Masoretic Text)

    • Torah (The Pentateuch / The Original Book of Commandments from Moses)
    • Nevi'im (Prophets)
    • Ketuvim (Writings)

  • Talmud (Jerusalem Talmud + the later Babylonian Talmud)

    • Mishnah (Legal Schools)
      • Shisha Sedarim (Six Orders) (Acronym: Z'MaN NaKaT)
        • Zeraim (Seeds) - Berakhot, Pe'ah, Demai, Kil'ayim, Shevi'it, Terumot, Ma'aserot, Ma'aser Sheni, Challah, Orlah, Bikkurim
        • Moed (Festival) - Shabbat, Eruvin, Pesahim, Shekalim, Yoma, Sukkah, Beitza, Rosh Hashanah, Ta'anit, Megillah, Mo'ed Katan, Hagigah
        • Nashim (Women) - Yevamot, Ketubot, Nedarim, Nazir, Sotah, Gittin, Kiddushin
        • Nezikin (Damages) - Bava Kamma, Bava Metzia, Bava Batra, Sanhedrin, Makkot, Shevu'ot, Eduyot, Avodah Zarah, Avot, Horayot
        • Kodashim (Holy Things) - Zevachim, Menachot, Hullin, Bekhorot, Arakhin, Temurah, Keritot, Me'ilah, Tamid, Middot, Kinnim
        • Tohorot (Purities) - Keilim, Oholot, Nega'im, Parah, Tohorot, Mikva'ot, Niddah, Makhshirin, Zavim, Tevul Yom, Yadayim, Uktzim
      • Baraita (Outside the Six Orders)
    • Gemara (Discussion and Analysis by Rabbis)

  • Midrash refers to early TaNaKh interpretations, which are not currently of importance.

    • Midrash Halakha (Laws)
    • Midrash Aggada (Biblical Narratives)

Active Law (Halakha)

  • Mishneh Torah by Rambam (or Maimonides) (12th century legal code which is one of the most organized pillars of Hebrew Legal Code)
  • The Tur (The 14th century legal code which formed the basis for The Shulchan Arukh, by Rabbi Yakov Ben Asher)
    • The Beit Yosef by Rabbi Joseph Karo (Commentary)
  • The Shulchan Arukh (A simplified version of The Beit Yosef compiled in the 16th century by Rav Yosef Karo) (The most widely accepted legal code)
    • Turei Zahav (or Taz) by Rabbi David HaLevi Segal (or Taz) (Commentary)
    • Siftei Kohen (or Shach) by Rabbi Shabbatai Hakohen (or Shach) (Commentary)
    • Mishna Berura by Rambam (or Maimonides) (Commentary)
  • Shulchan Arukh HaRav (18th century legal code practiced by ultra-Orthodox Hasidic Jews, a subset of Haredi Jews. A third of it remains after a fire.)
  • Works of Rambam (or Maimonides) - Including Mishneh Torah

Variants

  • Old

    • Tribes
      • Levites (sons of Aaron, chosen to be priests)
      • Other tribes
    • Roman Era
      • Pharisees (a philosophical group, followed the Oral Torah. Mostly the common people and Rabbis. Jesus would've been a Pharisee.)
      • Essenes (they believed the others corrupted the city and the Temple, and kinda followed the Oral Torah. They were Isolationists)
      • Sadducees (They wanted to be the priestly caste, and rejected the Oral Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim (and hence notions of afterlife and the Temple rites). They were the wealthy people.)
      • Zealots (Anti-Roman group which led to the Great Revolt, or the "fourth group", as described by Josephus)
        • Sicarii (Assassins) (Josephus described them as bandits who killed Jews who sympathized with Romans)
    • Samaritans (Excluded by Jews)
      • They were the ones who lived with Assyrians when Jews were exiled, and when the Jews returned, they accused them of associating partners to God and corrupting the Torah.
        • 2 Kings 17:24-41 (They were brought to Assyrian Samaria because the God of Israel sent lions to kill the Assyrians who settled in Samaria, since they did not worship the God of Israel)
      • They worship at Mount Gerizim, while Jews worship at Temple Mount.
        • Their Ten Commandments tell them to build an altar at Mount Gerizim.
        • Same goes in Deuteronomy, where Jews were asked to build an altar at Mount Ebal, while Samaritans were to build it at Mount Gerizim.
        • 1946 Dead Sea Scrolls (Second Temple Era writings) that read Gerizim which suggests that the Samaritans had the correct reading.
        • The Temple at Mount Gerizim was destroyed by John Hyrcanus in 108 BCE, to set Jerusalem as the only place of worship.
        • John 4:21โ€“24 (Jesus said neither temple will matter)
      • They follow a different Samaritan Pentateuch, as opposed to the Masoretic Text
      • Jesus was accused of being a demon-possessed Samaritan (John 8:44)
      • About 900 of them remain

  • Current

    • Karaites (Readers / non-Rabbinites)
      • "Qaaraa" means "read". So they follow the school of literalism.
      • They only follow the written Torah. Some say they could be from the Sadducees.
      • They do not follow the Rabbinic tradition.
    • Reform (Progressive and social justice oriented)
    • Conservative (Mid-way between Reform and Orthodox)
    • Orthodox
      • Modern Orthodox (In Harmony with other religions)
      • Haredi (Those who Tremble) / Ultra-Orthodox
        • Hasidic (Devotional)
        • Yeshivish (Academic)
      • Open Orthodox (Supports women's leadership and openness to non-Orthodox Jews)
    • Smaller
      • Reconstructionist (First to support gays)
      • Jewish Renewal (Gender Equality, Eco-conscious, Secular)
      • Humanistic Judaism (Non-theistic)

Backgrounds

  • Assimilation
  • Atheists
  • Buddhists
  • Israeli Jews
  • Karaites
  • Samaritans
  • Lists of Jews
  • Persecution
  • Xueta Christianity
  • Zionism, race and genetics

Diaspora

  • Ashkenazim
  • Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews)
  • Desi Jews
  • Dรถnmeh Gruzรญnim
  • Italkim
  • Kaifeng Jews
  • Karaites
  • Kurdish Jews
  • Krymchaks
  • Lemba
  • Maghrebi (including Berber Jews)
  • Mizrahi
  • Mustaสฟravim (Arabian)
  • Romaniote
  • Sephardim (ex-Iberian Jews, including Paradesi Jews)

Rabbinical Eras

  • Chazal
    • Zugot
    • Tannaim (Mishna, Tosefta)
    • Amoraim (Talmud)
    • Savoraim
  • Geonim
  • Rishonim
  • Acharonim

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